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Hair loss treatments and remedies that really work are rare but they exist. There are so many different hair loss solutions out there that finding a good solution becomes an overwhelming task. Since hair loss is such a common problem in men but also in women, many take advantage of this by selling useless or ineffective products to desperate people. There is no cure to hair loss yet, it can only be treated. Many different people and companies offer many different solutions to hair loss. There is too much misleading information out there about what works and what not. Fact is that there are currently only two FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) approved hair loss treatments available. The one is Propecia with its active ingredient Finasteride. The other one is Rogaine with Minoxidil. FDA approved means that these products have a proven track record of being successful to some degree in treating hair loss. These two products have been clinically tested and the results are well documented. Finasteride was originally approved as a treatment for prostate enlargement but it has been found out later that it also helps to fight hair loss or male pattern baldness in men. Propecia works in men only. Propecia works because it can reduce the DHT levels in the scalp. DHT (dihydrotestosterone) is an androgen which is produced by the conversion of testosterone. DHT is the main reason why men loose hair because it causes the hair follicles to shrink and to produce less and thinner hair. Then they stop to produce hair at all. Minoxidil is the other FDA approved ingredient which is sold under the brand name Rogaine. Rogaine is also for women and is applied topically to your scalp twice a day. It's reported that Rogaine is better for hair growth and regrowth than Propecia, while Propecia is better in stopping hair loss and maintain the hair you have. Many men therefore prefer to use both drugs, first to stop the hair loss and then to regrowth hair. Minoxidil does not work like Propecia as it doesn't affect the DHT levels. Minoxidil works by stimulating the hair follicles to produce larger and thicker hair again. Minoxidil should work therefore well in areas of thin or miniaturized hairs. The side effects are rare but they happen. With Minoxidil a small percentage (6%) of users report scalp itching which can be removed by washing Minoxidil out of the hair. Propecia side effects happen in about 2% of men. The side effects are a decreased libido, problems in getting an erection and less semen production. These side effects can be reduced by reducing the dosage of Propecia. If Propecia is stopped, the side effects disappear. penis enlargement before and after photo vimax penis enlargement surgery picture penis enargement video home penis enargement penis enargement drug penis enargement product health pro solution penis enlargement without pills

penis enlargement before and after

Introduction The Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA) has governed international trade in textiles and clothing since 1974. The MFA enabled developed nations, mainly the USA, European Union and Canada to restrict imports from developing countries through a system of quotas. The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) to abolish MFA quotas marked a significant turnaround in the global textile trade. The ATC mandated progressive phase out of import quotas established under MFA, and the integration of textiles and clothing into the multilateral trading system before January 2005. The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing ATC is a transitory regime between the MFA and the integration of trading in textiles and clothing in the multilateral trading system. The ATC provided for a stage-wise integration process to be completed within a period of ten years (1995-2004), divided into four stages starting with the implementation of the agreement in 1995. The product groups from which products were to be integrated at each stage of the integration included (i) tops and yarns; (ii) fabrics; (iii) made-up textile products; and (iv) clothing. The ATC mandated that importing countries must integrate a specified minimum portion of their textile and garment exports based on total volume of trade in 1990, at the start of each phase of integration. In the first stage, each country was required to integrate 16 percent of the total volume of imports of 1990, followed by a further 17 percent at the end of first three year and another 18 percent at the end of third stage. The fourth stage would see the final integration of the remaining 49 percent of trade. Global Trade in Textile and Clothing World trade in textiles and clothing amounted to US $ 385 billion in 2003, of which textiles accounted for 43 percent (US $ 169 bn) and the remaining 57 percent (US $ 226 bn) for clothing. Developed countries accounted for little over one-third of world exports in textiles and clothing. The shares of developed countries in textiles and clothing trade were estimated to be 47 percent (US $ 79 bn) and 29 percent, (US $ 61 bn) respectively. Import Trends in USA In 1990, restrained or MFA countries contributed as much as 87 percent (US $ 29.3 bn) of total US textile and clothing imports, whereas Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI), North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA), Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) and ANDEAN countries together contributed 13 percent (US $ 4.4 bn). Thereafter, there has been a decline in exports by restrained countries; the share of preferential regions more than doubled to reach 30 percent (US $ 26.9 bn) of total imports by USA. The composition of imports of clothing and textiles by USA in 2003 was 80 percent (US $ 71 bn) and 20 percent (US $ 18 bn), respectively. Asia was the principal sourcing region for imports of both textiles and clothing by USA. Latin American region stood at second position with a share of 12 percent (US $ 2.2 bn) and 26 percent (US $ 18.5 bn), respectively, for textiles and clothing imports, by USA. In most of the quota products imported by USA, India was one of the leading suppliers of readymade garments in USA. Though China is a biggest competitor, the unit prices of China for most of these product groups were high and thus provide opportunities for Indian business. Import Trends in EU EU overtook USA as the world's largest market for textiles and clothing. Intra-EU trade accounted for about 40 percent (US $ 40 bn) of total clothing imports and 62 percent (US $ 32.5 bn) of total textile imports by EU. Asia dominates EU market in both clothing and textiles, with 30 percent (US $ 30 bn) and 17 percent (US $ 8 bn) share, respectively. Central and East European countries hold a market share of 11 percent (US $ 11.3 bn) in clothing and 7.5 percent (US $ 4 bn) in textiles imports of EU. As regards preferential suppliers, the growth of trade between EU and Mediterranean countries, especially Egypt and Turkey, was highest in 2003. As regards individual countries, China accounted for little over 5 percent (US $ 2.8 bn) of EU's imports of textiles and over 12 percent (US $ 12.4 bn) of clothing imports. In the EU market also, India is a leading supplier for many of the textile products. It is estimated that Turkey would emerge as a biggest competitor for both India and China. However, with regard to unit prices, India appears to be lower than both Turkey and China in many of the categories. Import Trends in Canada Amongst the leading suppliers of textiles and clothing to Canada, USA had the highest share of over 31 percent (US $ 8.4 bn), followed by China (21% - US $ 1.8 bn) and EU (8% - US $ 0.6 bn). India was ranked at fourth position and was ahead of other exporters like Mexico, Bangladesh and Turkey, with a market share of 5.2 percent (US $ 0.45 bn). Potential Gains It may be noted that clothing sector would offer higher gains than the textile sector, in the post MFA regime. Countries like Mexico, CBI countries, many of the African countries emerged as exporters of readymade garments without having much of textile base, utilizing the preferential tariff arrangement under the quota regime. Besides, countries like Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Cambodia emerged as garment exporters due to cost factors, in addition to the quota benefits. It may be said that countries like China, USA, India, Pakistan, Uzbekistan and Turkey have resource based advantages in cotton; China, India, Vietnam and Brazil have resource based advantages in silk; Australia, China, New Zealand and India have resource based advantages in wool; China, India, Indonesia, Taiwan, Turkey, USA, Korea and few CIS countries have resource based advantages in manmade fibers. In addition, China, India, Pakistan, USA, Indonesia has capacity based advantages in the textile spinning and weaving. China is cost competitive with regard to manufacture of textured yarn, knitted yarn fabric and woven textured fabric. Brazil is cost competitive with regard to manufacture of woven ring yarn. India is cost competitive with regard to manufacture of ring-yarn, O-E yarn, woven O-E yarn fabric, knitted ring yarn fabric and knitted O-E yarn fabric. According to Werner Management Consultants, USA, the hourly wage costs in textile industry is very high for many of the developed countries. Even in developing economies like Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Turkey and Mauritius, the hourly wage is higher as compared to India, China, Pakistan and Indonesia. From the above analysis, it may be concluded that China, India, Pakistan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Brazil, Indonesia, Turkey and Egypt would emerge as winners in the post quota regime. The market losers in the short term (1-2 years) would include CBI countries, many of the sub-Saharan African countries, Asian countries like Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. The market losers in the long term (by 2014) would include high cost producers, like EU, USA, Canada, Mexico, Japan and many east Asian countries. The determinants of increase / decrease in market share in the medium term would however depend upon the cost, quality and timely Review of Indian Textiles and Clothing Industry The textiles and garments industry is one of the largest and most prominent sectors of Indian economy, in terms of output, foreign exchange earnings and employment generation. Indian textile industry is multi-fiber based, using delivery. In the long run, there are possibilities of contraction in intra-EU trade in textile and garments, reduction of market share of Turkey in EU and market share of Mexico and Canada in USA, and thus provide more opportunities for developing countries like India. It is estimated that in the short term, both China and India would gain additional market share proportionate to their current market share. In the medium term, however, India and China would have a cumulative market share of 50 percent, in both textiles and garment imports by USA. It is estimated that India would have a market share of 13.5 percent in textiles and 8 percent in garments in the USA market. With regard to EU, it is estimated that the benefits are mainly in the garments sector, with China taking a major share of 30 percent and India gaining a market share of 8 percent. The potential gain in the textile sector is limited in the EU market considering the proposed further enlargement of EU. It is estimated that India would have a market share of 8 percent in EU textiles market as against the China's market share of 12 percent. Review of Indian textiles and Clothing Industry The textiles and garments industry is one of the largest and most prominent sectors of Indian economy, in terms of output, foreign exchange earnings and employment generation. Indian textile industry is multi-fiber based, using cotton, jute, wool, silk and mane made and synthetic fibers. In the spinning segment, India has an installed capacity of around 40 million spindles (23% of world), 0.5 million rotors (6% of world). In the weaving segment, India is equipped with 1.80 million shuttle looms (45% of world), 0.02 million shuttle less looms (3% of world) and 3.90 million handlooms (85% of world). The organised mill (spinning) sector recorded a significant growth during the last decade, with the number of spinning mills increasing from 873 to 1564 by end March 2004. The organised sector accounts for production of almost all of spun yarn, but only around 4 percent of total fabric production. In other words, there are little over 200 composite mills in India leaving the production of fabric and processing to the decentralised small weaving and processing firms. The Indian apparel sector is estimated to have over 25000 domestic manufacturers, 48000 fabricators and around 4000 manufacturer-exporters. Cotton apparel accounts for the majority of Indian apparel exports. Textiles and Garments Exports from India The share of textiles and garments exports in India's total exports in the year 2003-04 stood at about 20 percent, amounting to US $ 12.5 billion. The quota countries, USA, EU and Canada accounted for nearly 70 percent of India's garments exports and 44 percent of India's textile exports. Amongst non-quota countries, UAE is the largest market for Indian textiles and garments; UAE accounted for 7 percent of India's total textile exports and 10 percent of India's garments exports. In terms of products, cotton yarn, fabrics and made-ups are the leading export items in the textile category. In the clothing category, the major item of exports was cotton readymade garments and accessories. However, in terms of share in total imports by EU and USA from India, these products hold relatively lesser share than products made of other fibers, thus showing the restrain in this category. Critical Factors that Need Attention Though India is one of the major producers of cotton yarn and fabric, the productivity of cotton as measured by yield has been found to be lower than many countries. The level of productivity in China, Turkey and Brazil is over 1 tonne / ha., while in India it is only about 0.3 tonne / ha. In the manmade fiber sector, India is ranked at fifth position in terms of capacity. However, the capacity and technology infusion in this sector need to be further enhanced in view of the changing fiber consumption in the world. It may be mentioned that the share of cotton in world fiber demand declined from around 50 percent (14.7 mn tons) in 1982 to around 38 percent (20.12 mn tons) in 2003, while the share of manmade fiber has increased from 44 percent (13.10 mn tons) to around 60 percent (31.76 mn tons) over the same period. Apart from low cost labour, other factors that are having impact on final consumer cost are relative interest cost, power tariff, structural anomalies and productivity level (affected by technological obsolescence). A study by International Textile Manufacturers Federation revealed high power costs in India as compared to other countries like Brazil, China, Italy, Korea, Turkey and USA. Percentage share of power in total cost of production in spinning, weaving and knitting of ring and O-E yarn for India ranged from 10 percent to 17 percent, which is also higher than that of countries like Brazil, Korea and China. Percentage share of capital cost in total production cost in India was also higher ranging from 20 percent to 29 percent as compared to a range of 12 to 26 percent in China. In India, very few exporters have gone in for integrated production facility. It is noted that countries that would emerge as globally competitive would have significantly consolidated supply chain. For instance, competitor countries like Korea, China, Turkey, Pakistan and Mexico have a consolidated supply chain. In contrast, apart from spinning, the rest of the activities like weaving, processing, made-ups and garmenting are all found to be fragmented in India. Besides, the level of technology in the Indian weaving sector is low compared to other countries of the world. The share of shuttle less looms to total loomage in India is 1.8% as compared to Indonesia (10%), Bangladesh (10%), Sri Lanka (12%), China (14%) and Mexico (29%). The supply chain in this industry is not only highly fragmented but is beset with bottlenecks that could very well slow down the growth of this sector. As a result the average delivery lead times (from procurement to fabrication and shipment of garments) still takes about 45-60 days. With international lead delivery times coming down to 30-35 days, India needs to cut down the production cycle time substantially to stay in the market. Besides, erratic supply of power and water, availability of adequate road connectivity, inadequacies in port facilities and other export infrastructure have been adversely affecting the competitiveness of Indian textiles sector. Conclusions It is believed the quota regime has frozen the market share, providing export opportunities even for high cost producers. Thus, in the free trade regime, the pattern of imports in the quota countries would undergo changes. The issues that would govern the market share in the post quota regime would eventually be productivity, raw material base, quality, cost of inputs, including labour, design skills and operation of economies of scale. It is believed that quotas, by limiting the supply of goods have kept export prices artificially high. Thus, it is estimated that there would be price war in the post quota regime, with competitive price cuts. The price and quantity effects would depend on the efficiency in production process, supply chain management and the price elasticity of demand. Due to the expected fall in prices, developing countries with high production cost have little choice but to compete head-on with the biggest low cost suppliers. In this process, it is presumed that there would be better resource reallocation in these economies. It is assumed that quota restrictions would continue beyond 2005 in various forms. It is also widely recognized that removal of quota may not directly provide easy and unrestricted access to developed country markets. There would be non-tariff barriers as well. Standards related to health, safety, environment, quality of work life and child labour would gain further momentum in international trade in textiles and clothing. Strategies and Recommendations Cost competitiveness in Indian garments sector has been restrained by limited scale operations, obsolete technology and reservation under SSI policies. While retaining its traditional cost advantages of home grown cotton and low cost labour, India needs to sharpen its competitive edge by lowering the cost of operations through efficient use of production inputs and scale operations. Besides, there are needs for rationalization of charges, levies related to usage of export logistics to remain cost competitive. As fallout to the quota regime, there would be consolidation of production and restriction on supplying countries, which would necessarily mean improved scale operations. Indian players should also integrate to achieve operating leverage and demonstrate high bargaining power. It is reported that Chinese textile firms have already invested heavily to expand and grab huge market share in the quota free world. In India, organised players in this sector would require huge investments to remain competitive in the quota free world. These players need to expand and integrate vertically to achieve scale operations and introduce new technologies. It is estimated that the industry would require Rs. 1.5 trillion (US $ 35 billion) new capital investment in the next ten years (by 2014) to lap the potential export opportunities of US $ 70 billion. It is estimated that USA and EU together would offer a market of US $ 42 billion for Indian textiles and garments in 2014. Technology would play a lead role in the weaving and processing, which would improve quality and productivity levels. Innovations would also be happening in this sector, as many developed countries would innovate new generation machineries that are likely to have low manual interface and power cost. Indian textile industry should also turn into high technology mode to reap the benefits of scale operations and quality. Foreign investments coupled with foreign technology transfer would help the industry to turn into high-tech mode. Internationally, trading in textile and garment sector is concentrated in the hands of large retail firms. Majority of them are looking for few vendors with bulk orders and hence opting for vertically integrated companies. Thus, there is need for integrating the operations in India also, from spinning to garment making, to gain their attention. This would also bring down the turn around time and improve quality. Indian players should also improve upon their soft skills, viz., design capabilities, textile technology, management and negotiating skills. Garment manufacturing business is order driven. It would be difficult for the players to keep the workforce full time, even in lean season. This calls for changes in contract labour laws. Logistics and supply chain would also play a crucial role as timely delivery would be an important requirement for success in international trade. The logistics and supply chain management of Indian textile firms are relatively weak and needs improvement and efficiency. China has already created a world class export infrastructure. Given the volume of projections for exports by India, it may be necessary to create additional export infrastructure, especially investment for modernization of ports. In addition, India needs to invest for creating brand equity, supply chain management and apparel industry education. To sum up, the ability of Indian textile industry to take advantage of quota phase-out would depend upon their ability to enhance overall competitiveness through exploitation of economies of scale in manufacturing and supply chain. The need of the hour therefore is to evolve a well chalked out strategy, aimed at improvement in the levels of productivity and efficiency, quality control, faster product innovation, quick response to changes in consumer preferences and the ability to move up in the value chain by building brand names and acquiring channels of distribution so as to outweigh the advantages of competitors in the long run. Source: Export-Import Bank of India, India. penis enlarement operation pennis enlargement exercise discount vigrx penis enlarement excersizes penis enhancement pills penis enlagement pic before and after penis elargement secret enlagement manhattan penis surgeon penis enlargement before and after

Steroids may be administered into the body by two primary methods: orally in tablet form, or by intramuscular injection with a needle. Some common examples of orals include oxymetholone (Anadrol), oxandrolone (Anavar), methandrostenolone (Dianabol), and stanozolol (Winstrol). Some of the more popular injectables include nandrolone decanoate (Deca-Durabolin), nandrolone phenpropionate (Durabolin), testosterone cypionate (Depo-Testosterone), and boldenone undecylenate (Equipoise). Many bodybuilders don’t just use one steroid but typically combine both oral and injectable drugs in what’s called a cycle, generally lasting 6- to 12-weeks. Injectable steroids are more popular because they are less toxic to the liver than oral steroids (orals have been chemically modified to survive passage through the digestive system). On the other hand athletes in drug-tested sports prefer orals as these drugs tend to clear more rapidly from the athletes’ systems and allow them to stand a better chance of passing a drug test. The practice of using more than one steroid at once is called "stacking," and the pattern of increasing the dosage during the cycle is referred to as "pyramiding." Some users take dosages of 50 to 100 times greater than the recommended medical dosages. The purpose of stacking and pyramiding is to maximize the muscle-building effects and minimize side effects. The fact that this practice has not been proven scientifically has not stopped bodybuilders from following such dosing patterns. Steroid side effects – the contentious issue! No drug is free from producing side effects, and steroids are no exception. Still, most of the ghastly side effects frequently reported by the media are greatly exaggerated either for political reasons or out of ignorance. While it’s true that a few steroid users may suffer serious side effects, the fact is, most do not. Put another way, millions of people have used these drugs for muscle building since the late 1950’s. If they were the cancer-causing, terminal illness-producing drugs, as commonly reported by the media, we’d expect an epidemic of dead and dying bodybuilders and other athletes. The fact that this is not happening should indicate just how much misinformation has been circulating on this issue over the past number of years. Most of the side effects produced can be divided into wanted and unwanted. For bodybuilders and other athletes such “side effects” as increased muscle size and strength, decreased body fat, and increased aggression levels, are the primary reasons why they turn to steroids in the first place. These are the wanted and desired side effects and the more pronounced these effects are the more bodybuilders like it. The unwanted side effects are those that get heavy coverage in the media and by anti-steroid groups. Most of the following side effects can be termed cosmetic and are not life-threatening. They’ll usually disappear with termination of steroid usage. A few, such as gynecomastia, are more serious and should be brought to the attention of a physician. In most cases serious side effects are caused by steroid abuse - megadosing and stacking the drugs for years. 1) Acne 2) Hair loss 3) Gynecomastia (feminizing of the male nipple region) 4) Water retention 5) Deepening of voice in females 6) Clitoral enlargement in females 7) Liver enzyme abnormalities 8) Decreased production of sperm in males 9) Decreased natural production of testosterone in males 10) Increased blood pressure 11) Reduction in HDL the "good" cholesterol Types of Steroids Since their first synthesis in the late 1950’s there have been hundreds of different varieties of anabolic steroids produced. The following shows a few of the more popular steroids used by bodybuilders for muscle building. Keep in mind that since the Anabolic Control Act of 1990, most of these drugs are now only available on the blackmarket and as such, the prices will fluctuate on an almost weekly basis. medical penile enlargment vimax penis enlargement picture homemade penis enlagement pnis enlargement patch permanent penis enlarement buy penis enlagement pills penis enargement procedure penis enhancement surgery photo penis enlargement before and after

Erectile dysfunction can occur in various degrees. It may range from an erection not rigid enough for sexual intercourse to an erection that cannot be sustained long enough to finish a sexual act or a complete inability to achieve an erection. One should not be dogmatic in its treatment for it proves to be very fatal in breaking a relationship as well in one’s personal life. As a result of intense result on erectile dysfunction, proper and effective medicines are now readily available in the market. A new open label clinical research has shown that the oral drug Levitra is proving to be very effective in improving erectile function in most men. Studies also show that, its adverse affects are generally mild and moderate. The most common adverse effects were headache, flushing and nasal congestion. But these effects are not permanent and ceases within few hours or days. Levitra takes 30-60 mins to give an incredibly hard reaction with a naturally enhanced sex drive to finish a sexual intercourse. Its constituent Vardenafil HCL is found to be a very active substance. It increases the blood flow to the Penis and gives relaxation to the nerves in the Penis. This results in a hard and a bulging erection. Levitra provided first-time success and reliable improvement of erection quality for many men, including those with high cholesterol, high blood pressure, or diabetes. Hence FDA approved Levitra has proven effective treatment for erectile dysfunction found in men. The most commonly reported side effects are also found to be mild and moderate, and may include- headache, flushing and nasal congestion. Although, it is readily available on-line, but keep in mind that you should never do so without consulting a doctor. Levitra is really simple, effective and natural. It has definitely given manhood back. It really helps to optimize your sexual health and performance. penis enlargment excersizes penile enlargment before and after photo magna rx pill enlargment manhattan penile vimax natural penis enlargement technique enlargement penis pill vimax penis enlarement tip penile enlargment before and after picture penis enlargement before and after

Penis enlargement is a special issue in today’s world. Buried underneath tons of unsolicited emails promising the most unlikely results, plagued by dishonest practitioners and obscured by myths and hearsay, the honest traders of this industry have pushed forward with their products and services. Most of the time, men prefer to turn away and say enlargement does not work, even though they have no idea whether this is true or not. Hearsay is just as good as sound, hands-on information if one is not really interested in the issue or if one is afraid of the truth. Many people are keen to dismiss penis exercises as myths even though they are not familiar with the facts. Penis exercises have been around in one form or other for a very long time. Primitive tribes are still using weights, various objects and exercises to force parts of the human body to change size and achieve a new look. The women of the Paduang tribe use metal rings to lengthen their necks, while the people from other tribes hang weights from their lips or ear lobes in order to reach their own standards of beauty. Chinese women of high birth had their feet shrunk in order to fit the local ideal of a sexy look. With all these going on, why should it be so hard to believe that the penis was ignored? Especially since we know that it was not. Various penis enlargement techniques have also been reported, especially among the nomad Arabic tribes. Body enhancement techniques performed by males were always tied to the position of the person in question within the tribe or with the manhood initiation rites. It seems that men found early on that the human body can be modified using devices or exercises. The only traction devices at their disposal for a long period of time were weights, but stretching the penis using one’s own hands was just as good as any device. The basic principle behind body enhancement is the adaptability of the human body in response to external stimuli. Everybody knows that the extra physical effort put into working out at the gym will trigger an increase in the size of the muscles that have to sustain the effort. Thus, repeated exercises focused on the penis, like the ones offered by Penis Health, will force the body to start multiplying the cells that make up the penis tissues and to increase both the length and girth of the penis in order to cope with the new situation. The best known penis enlargement exercise is the Jelq. This exercise is designed to enlarge the penis using milking movements in order to increase the blood flow into the corpora cavernosa, the sponge-like tissues of the penis. The increased blood flow will, in time, force the tissues to expand and increase both the flaccid and erect sizes of the penis. Dr. Brian Richards has conducted a study of penis enlargement exercises in the 1970s and found that jelq helped nearly 90 percent of patients increase their penis size. The gains ranged in size, of course, but it was proven that men could add an inch or even more to their penises. Despite the rabid skepticism of those cannot be bothered to check the facts, common sense and evidence point to the fact that penis enlargement exercises do work. No man who could use an extra inch or two in length or girth should write them off until he’s actually tried them. Many skeptics have been pleasantly surprised by our program of exercises, so why not give it a go? There’s nothing to lose and a whole world of sexual pleasure and self-respect to gain.